The Children of John Thomas Barrand and Mary Ann Alford

1. Mary Ann(e) was born in about 1870, but no record shows on the BMD registers as Barrand or Barran etc.. She was however, baptised on the 15^th February, 1880 at St. Lukes Church, West Holloway in Islington, aged about 10. For some reason, her date of birth does not show on the baptism records, although her younger brother and two younger sisters, which were baptised with her at the same time all have their birth dates shown. If her younger sister, Susannah was born in February, 1871, then Mary Ann must have been born in early of 1870. It was thought possible she was the Mary Ann Barram, born in Hackney in 1870. Birth Ref: Hackney 1870 - 1^st Qtr (1b - 464), but this is not correct. She is shown on the 1871 census though as their daughter, aged 1. On the 1881 census she is also shown as a daughter, aged 11 although her father had died in 1878. It is not known what happened to Mary Ann(e) after 1891. She last shows on the 1891 census working in Bromley (Sevenoaks) Kent as a servant but her name is transcribed as Burrand, born in Islington and working for a wine merchant. I can find no other records of her on the 1901 census, 1911 census, a marriage or death.

Baptism record of Mary Ann Barrand

1871 Census, aged 1

1881 Census, aged 11

1891 census aged 21

Birth certificate – Not Found

1901 census or Marriage - Not Found

1911 census or Marriage - Not Found

2. Susannah Emma was the 2^nd child, and her birth is shown on the BMD registers Birth Ref: Islington 1871 - 2nd Qtr (1b - 246) and she was baptised at the same time as Mary Ann(e), on the 15^th February, 1880, aged 9. Her date of birth is shown on the baptism record as 15^th April, 1871 and she was born at 57, Roman Road, the family home. Susannah’s father John Barrand is noted as a jeweller. Susannah shows on the 1881 census, aged 9 and born in Islington. Her name was written as Susan (not Susanna) and shown on the 1891 census as aged 18, and employed as a tinfoil worker at the Kilner factory. She was already pregnant when she married George William Lawrence, (b 31^st March, 1872) a labourer on the 8^th March, 1896 in Islington Marriage Ref: Islington 1896 - 1^st Qtr (1b - 232) a son of George William Lawrence (decd). On the marriage certificate, Susanna is shown as aged 25, making her DOB as 1871. Mary Ann (Susanna’s mother) was a witness to the marriage. Susanna’s father is noted as deceased, and occupation as a wedding ring maker. Susanna signed her name as “Susannah”. George Lawrence gave his address as 32, Blundell Street, and Susannah gave hers as 29, Blundell Street. The Barrands used to live at 32, Blundell Street. By 1906, when Susannah Emma was married, the Lawrence family had moved to 41, Blundell Street.

In the 1901 census, George Lawrence and Susanna lived at 29, Blundell Street with Mary Ann Barrand, Susanna’s mother. George Lawrence and Susanna had 5 children:

George William, born on 3^rd September, 1896 and bapt on 27^th September, 1896;

Charles Henry born on 26^th July, 1903 and bapt on 16^th August, 1903;

Susannah Emma born on 14^th November, 1905, bapt on 4^th February, 1906. She married James William Owen Day (1909-1990) in 1935 and he was a labourer at the local Kilner bottle works. James Day died in March, 1990 in Camden.

Harry, born on 21^st May, 1909 and married Mary Ann Rayner in 1936. – possibly 1 child June (b 1937) Harry was a Brewer’s Labourer.

Mary Ann, born on 14^th March, 1912 and died unmarried in Hounslow, in 1986, aged 74

By 1911, the family lived at 46, Blundell Street, and by the early 1930s they were all still living in Blundell Street together with the Whitbreads. Susannah, George William, Charles Henry, Susannah Emma and Harry.

On the 1939 census, the family were living at 21, Oldershaw Road in Islington – George H Lawrence (retired labourer), Susannah (nee Barrand) – (retired bottle washer), Charles Henry (aerated water worker), Harry, (brewer’s labourer) and his wife Mary Ann Rayner (b 14^th March, 1912).

Susannah Lawrence died on 16^th July, 1948 in Truro Street, St. Pancras of Mycocardial degeneration and senility. Her daughter Susannah Day was present at the death.

Birth Certificate Susanna Emma Barrand

Baptism record of Susanna Emma Barrand

1881 Census, aged 9

1891 Census, aged 19

Marriage Certificate Susanna Emma Barrand and George Lawrence

1901 Census

1911 Census

1939 Census

Death Certificate Susannah Lawrence (Nee Barrand)

3. John Henry Barrand was child No 3, born on the 21^st July, 1873 at 57, Roman Road, Islington. John Barrand (father) is described as a builder’s labourer at the time. The birth was registered on the 28^th August, 1873. Birth Reg: Islington 1873 - 3^rd Qtr (1b - 261)

There is no record of any baptism of John Henry Barrand although the rest of the family were not baptised until 1880. The only record of a death of a “John Henry” is John Henry Barren and the Death Ref: Islington 1873 - 4^th Qtr (1b - 182) and he is also buried as “John Barren” in Islington Cemetery on the 9^th November, 1873. The address shown on the burial record is 57, Roman Road which confirms it is the same John Henry Barrand although the name is spelt incorrectly. John Henry died of pneumonia at the age of 3 months on the 4^th November, 1873 at the family home where his father, John is still noted as a builders’ labourer.

Birth certificate John Henry Barrand

Death Certificate John Henry Barren (Barrand)

Burial record of John Henry Barren (Barrand)

4. Harry Alford was next, born on the 20^th February, 1875 at 57, Roman Road, Islington where his father John is recorded as a builders’ labourer. Birth Ref: Islington 1875 - 2nd Qtr (1b - 208) Harry Alford was baptised on the 15^th February, 1880 along with the other children. At some time it appears he was called Henry rather than Harry and on the 1881 census he is shown as “Harry A” but on the 1891 census it becomes Henry and he is aged 16 and employed as a tinfoil worker along with his elder sister Susanna at the Kilner Bottle factory. By 1901, he is again noted as Henry and aged 26, but now working as a potman. There is a record of Henry Barren’s (not Barrand) death on the 31^st August, 1904 at 29, Blundell Street in Islington of a brain tumour at the age of 29 where he is employed as a carman, Death Ref: Islington 1904 - 3rd Qtr (1b - 183). It seems most likely that Henry was working as a carman along with his half-brother, William Randell at the meat market. The husbands of his sisters, Hannah and Alice Annie were also employed as carmen at the meat market. It would appear that Henry was buried in the Islington Cemetery on the 5^th September, 1904. Clearly the record shows his address of 29, Blundell Street so we have the correct person. Alice Morgan was present at the death of Henry, and it known she was aged just 20 years old and they were engaged and soon to be married. The Morgan family lived in the same house as the Barrands.

Birth Certificate of Harry Alford Barrand 1875

Baptism record of Harry Alford Barrand

1881 Census, aged 5

1891 Census, aged 16

1901 Census, aged 26

Death Certificate of Henry Alford Barrand 1904

Burial record of Henry Barrand 29, Blundell Street - aged 29 - 05/09/1904

5. Hannah Eliza was child No 5, born on the 20^th April, 1877 and baptised on the 15^th February, 1880 along with Mary, Susanna and Harry. Birth Ref: Islington 1877 - 2nd Qtr (1b - 259). Hannah was born at 57 Roman Road, Islington and John Barrand, her father is noted as a builders’ labourer. In 1881, she is noted as “Hannah” aged 3, but in 1891 she is noted as “Annie”, aged 14 and working as a glass stopper maker and worked at the Kilner bottle works. Hannah married Albert James Whitbread, born in 1878, a meat carrier on the 17^th January, 1897 in Islington. Marriage Ref: Islington - 1897 1^st Qtr (1b - 245) Annie’s mother, Mary Ann Barrand was a witness to the marriage, and her father is noted as John Barrand deceased, a wedding ring maker.

By 1901, the census shows that Albert James Whitbread and Annie had 2 children, Annie Elizabeth and Albert Thomas and were living at 31, Blundell Street, next door to Mary Ann Barrand who was at No 29. There is a mystery child here, as there are also records of a George William Whitbread, born on the 5^th September, 1900 and baptised on the 22^nd September, 1900 at their address of 31, Blundell Street. The baptism records however, show the parents names as Albert “Thomas” Whitbread and & his wife, Annie. The BMD records for George William show Birth Ref: Islington 1900 - 4^th Qtr (1b – 226) There are records of a George William Whitbread’s death, aged 0: Death Ref: Islington 1901 - 1^st Qtr (1b - 189)

Albert James by this time was a carman, working at the meat market. By 1911, they had a total of 4 children: Annie Elizabeth, born on 29^th March, 1897 (Bapt 25^th April, 1897), Albert Thomas, born on 10^th January, 1899 (bapt 5^th February, 1899 – d 1979), Daisy Ethel born on 26^th March, 1902 (bapt 13^th April, 1902) and Alfred Charles, born on 13^th September, 1904 (Bapt 4^th October, 1904).

Albert Whitbread was still working as a carman at the cattle market in 1911, and the family now lived at 46, Blundell Street, Islington. The census shows that by 1911, they had only 4 children – all living. Why George William is not shown as “a child that died” is not known.

The Voters’ records for 1919 only show Albert James Whitbread along with George and Susannah Lawrence at 46 Blundell Street and also the voters’ records in 1925 show the same - Albert James Whitbread living with George and Susannah Lawrence at 46 Blundell Street. There was another child, William (b 12^th August, 1917)

In 1932, the voters’ records show the Lawrence family - Charles Henry, George William, Harry, Susannah and Susannah Emily Lawrence and also Albert James Whitbread and Annie Elizabeth Whitbread at 46 Blundell Street.

In both 1936 and 1938, Albert James Whitbread, Annie Elizabeth Whitbread and Henry William Whitbread (not known) are living at 46 Blundell Street. The 1939 census shows Albert James Whitbread (meat porter), William (b 1917) as a letter deliverer and an Annie Whitbread (married)(b 1897) The address shown is still 46 Blundell Street.

Annie Elizabeth Whitbread married George Leonard Govey in Islington in 1923 3^rd Qtr (1b – 615), and they had 3 children: Winifred born in 1926; Frederick A., born in 1928 and Joyce A, born in 1934. In 1932-1938, George Govey and Anne Whitbread were living at 44, Wellington Road along with a Thomas Whitbread and Edith Annie Whitbread.

It is possible that Albert Thomas Whitbread married Emily Maria Eley (1901-1999) in Islington in 1922 4^th Qtr (1b – 614) – It seems they had 3 children, Emily, Albert, born in 1924 and Joan in 1921. They lived in Roman Road, Islington. The 1939 census shows Albert, Emily, Joan and 2 others living in Mackenzie Road, Islington.

Daisy Ethel Whitbread married Alfred Ernest James in Islington in 1925 1^st Qtr (1b – 211) – No record of children, but in 1939 there was a William G. Whitbread and an Emily Whitbread living with them.

Alfred Charles Whitbread married Dorothy E. Case in Islington in 1930 4^th Qtr (1b – 411) – 1 Child, Ronald C born in 1933.

Hannah (Annie) Eliza Whitbread died in 1919 at the age of 42, Death Ref: Islington 1919 - 2nd Qtr (1b - 249) of hemorrhage following childbirth and Albert died in 1947, aged 69 Death Ref: Islington 1947 - 2nd Qtr (5c - 843)

Birth Certificate Hannah Eliza Barrand 1877

Baptism record of Hannah Eliza Barrand

1881 Census, aged 3

1891 Census, aged 14 - written as Annie

Marriage Certificate of Hannah Eliza Barrand and Albert Whitbread

1901 Census

1911 Census

Name: Annie Whitbread

Birth Date: abt 1877

Date of Registration: Apr-May-Jun 1919

Age at Death: 42

Registration district: Islington

Inferred County: Greater London

Volume: 1b

Page: 249

Death record of Annie Whitbread (nee Barrand)

Death certificate of Annie Whitbread (nee Barrand)

Baptism record of George William Whitbread

6. Alice Annie was child No 6, born on the 4^th July, 1879, but was baptised as Alice Barrow on the 3^rd August, 1879 (without the “Annie”) and her address is shown as 32, Blundell Street. Just why she was baptised in 1879 when all her other siblings were baptised on the 15^th February, 1880 is a mystery. Clearly, she could have been baptised at the same time as the rest of the children. John Thomas Barrand had already died on the 1^st October, 1878 and it is exactly 9 months from that date that Alice was born. She is the Alice Barron born in Islington Birth 1879 Ref: Islington 3^rd Qtr (1b - 271) The Birth certificate mentions that her father was John Thomas Barron, and their address was 32, Blundell Street, Islington. (The census for 1881 at 32, Blundell Street, Islington, shows Mary Ann (John Thomas’s widow), her other children: Mary Ann, aged (11), Susannah, aged (9), Harry A, aged (5) Hannah aged (3) and this Alice, aged (1). By 1891, the family was living at 14, Sutterton Street, Islington a street off Blundell Street. Mary Ann's name is written as M. A. Barrand (Widow) and living with her are Susannah aged (18), Henry aged (16), Annie (Hannah) aged (14), Alice, aged (9) and also a William aged (7) and an Ada (aged 4).

By 1891, Mary Ann (daughter) is shown in Bromley but by 1901 she had presumably already married as she does not show on any census since that date.

Alice Annie married James Joseph Carpenter (b 28th August, 1878) aged 22 on the 25^th December, 1900. Marriage Ref: Islington 1900 - 4^th Qtr (1b - 399). James Carpenter was also a carman at the meat market as was Albert Whitbread, the husband of Alice’s sister Annie. Alice’s father, John is noted as deceased, and his occupation is given as jeweller. When they were married, Alice Annie Barrand was pregnant with their child, as although Alice and James Carpenter were married in December, 1900, their daughter Amelia Alice was born on 1^st March, 1901 and baptised on the 24^th March, 1901.

By 1901, the census shows James Carpenter was working on the railways as a carter and they had a daughter, Amelia, born in 1901. In 1911, James Carpenter was back working as a carman at the meat market, and living at 50, Blundell Street in Islington. They had 5 children by this time:

Amelia Alice Carpenter born 1^st March, 1901 and baptised 24^th March, 1901, and she married Ernest Rose (b 23 March, 1900) in 1927 in Islington. Their address is Caledonian Road. Ernest was a furniture porter and Amelia was an office cleaner. They were both still living in 1955 in Caledonian Road, Islington.

May, born in 1902 and died in 1957 - unmarried

Beatrice Ann born on 8^th July, 1904, and baptised 31^st July, 1904, and married Thomas Chesterman (b 15/10/1903) in 1928. He was employed as a railway porter. In 1965, a Joseph J Carpenter was living with them and also a May and Wilfred Batty. This could be May, born in 1902.

Florrie (Florence) Mary, born in 1906, baptised 6^th February, 1906 – No sign of a marriage

James Joseph Carpenter born on 17^th October, 1907 and baptised on the 17^th November, 1907 (living at Charlesworth Street.) – died 1908.

Harry born in 1911.

Walter, born on 2^nd June, 1914

The 1911 census also shows that there were in fact six children, five living and one that died. It seems that James Joseph (b 1907) is the child that died in 1908 as he is not shown on the 1911 census. There are further children born after 1911.

Alice Annie died on 28^th January, 1945 at 376 Caledonian Road, Islington of cerebal Haemorrhage. Death Ref: Islington 1945 - 1^st Qtr (1b - 341) and James Joseph Carpenter is confirmed as a railway Carmen.

The voters lists of 1915 show they lived in 2 rooms in the 1st floor (unfurnished) at 376, Caledonian Road, Islington, and that Alice Annie and James Joseph were still there in 1925. James Joseph Carpenter died in 1971.

By 1934, there was an "Ada" Carpenter living with them and in 1936, a "Walter" Carpenter (b 2^nd June, 1914) is shown in the household. By 1938, the voters’ lists show they were still at the same address, but Ada had left. James Carpenter was a railway carman and Walter was a Publisher’s stock keeper. In the 1939 census, James is a railway carman, Alice Annie is a housewife and Walter was still working at the publishers.

Birth Certificate Alice Annie Barrand 1879

Baptism Record of Alice Barrand (as Barron)

1881 Census, aged 1

1891 Census, aged 9 (?)

Marriage certificate Alice Barrand and James Joseph Carpenter

1901 census

1911 Census

Name: Alice Carpenter

Birth Date: abt 1880

Date of Registration: Jan-Feb-Mar 1945

Age at Death: 65

Registration district: Islington

Inferred County: Greater London

Volume: 1b

Page: 341

Death record of Alice Carpenter (nee Barrand)

Death Certificate Alice Carpenter

7. Now we come to William Barrand, according to the 1891 census, born in 1884, but on his death record in 1917, it is clearly stated he was aged 36 and so that suggests he was born in 1881/2. It has taken many years of research into the circumstances of William’s birth, but finally the story comes together. From the outset it was obvious that William was not the son of John Thomas Barrand as he had already died in 1878. There was no birth record of a William Barrand, nor was there any baptism record. The first record of William was on the census of 1891 where he is shown living with Mary Ann Barrand as "son" and aged 7, so originally it was presumed he was born in 1884. Mary Ann's name is written as M. A. Barrand (Widow) from Exeter, and living at 14, Sutterton Street in Islington, which is a street off Blundell Street and with her are Susannah (aged 18), Henry (aged 16), Annie (Hannah) (aged 14), Alice, (aged 9), William (aged 7) and an Ada (aged 4). By 1891, Mary Ann (daughter) had presumably already married.

On the 1901 census, William is shown as “William Randell Barrand”, son of Mary Ann Barrand working as a carman, most probably at the meat market along with Albert Whitbread and Joseph Carpenter, the husbands of Hannah and Alice. The middle name Randell raised the possibility that Alice (b 1880), William (b 1884) and Ada (b 1885) were possibly adopted by Mary Ann Barrand but he may well have been a son or relation of the Randell family who were living with John Thomas Barrand and Mary Ann Alford on the 1871 census, but I could not find a birth record of any William Randell in 1884, nor of a William Barrand. A further clue to his date of birth was a newspaper report on the 1^st October, 1903 of a William Barrand of Blundell Street, Islington (age 20 reported) was arrested for trespassing on the railway lines at Frederick Street, Islington and was fined 40s.

There was also no record of William Barrand on the 1911 census living in London, but there is a record of a William Rendall living in Surbiton in Surrey, born in Islington in 1882 and working as a compositor. As William used the Barrand name, this record seems unlikely. Certainly, William Barrand joined the army and served in the 1^st world war, and he died on the 10^th May, 1917 in Belguim on active duty, and his next of kin details are noted as “Son of John & Mary Barrand, of Blundell Street, Caledonian Road, London”. The last known address of Mary Ann Barrand is 103, Frederick Street, and that is on the 1911 census. It is known that Mary Ann Barrand received the personal effects for William after his death. William (Randell) Barrand is buried at the Bedford House Cemetery, Ypres, BELGUIM The only difference is that when he died in 1917, his age is recorded at 36, making his DOB as 1881, and not 1884. His age according to the court hearing in 1903 was 20, so perhaps born in 1883.

For several years, I could not find William’s birth under the Barrand name and understandably, there are numerous Randall, Randell, Rendall, Randle etc families in London, but I narrowed the search down to 1882, and sent off for the birth certificate of a William Rendall. This certificate shows that William Rendall was born on 7^th January, 1882, the son of Thomas Randell and Mary Ann Randell (formerly Allford) of 32 Blundell Street, Islington. This is clearly the correct person, but the birth certificate shows that Mary Ann (Alford) was now married to Thomas Rendall. Mary Ann had another child after William, and in this case the father is noted as John Thomas Barrand although he had died several years previously.

As previously mentioned, Thomas Rendall, William’s father, was born in 1826 in West Coker, Somerset, and he married Henrietta Goode (b 1823) also from West Coker in 1852 and they moved to London. They had 8 children from 1854 to 1867 when Henrietta died in childbirth as a result of neglect by the midwife (see newspaper article). According to other researchers, Thomas then married his sister-in-law, Mary Eliza Goode (b 1823) in 1868, but she died shortly after the marriage but shows on the 1871 census at Roman Road. Both the Rendalls and the Barrands lived together in the same address in 1871. In 1881, Thomas Rendall lived at 60, Blundell Street, but Mary Ann Barrand lived at No: 32 Blundell Street. On the 1881 census, Thomas Rendall is shown with another daughter, “Ada Parish” born in 1880. I could not find any records of an Ada Parish Rendall. Afer some research, it seems that Thomas’s eldest daughter, Susan (b 1865) married John Parrish from Peterborough and Ada was in fact Thomas Randell’s grand-daughter, and not his daughter as mentioned on the 1881 census. Thomas Rendall married Mary Barrand in 1881 but he died in May 1882 and was buried on the 29^th May 1882. BMD Ref: (1882 Islington 2^nd Qtr 1b-29)

North London News 13 July 1867 This was Thomas Rendall’s 1^st wife.

Birth certificate William “Rendall” Barrand

Islington Gazette 01 October 1903

Burial record for Thomas Rendall (32 Blundell Street)

1911 census – William Rendall living in Surbiton

1891 Census

1901 Census as William Randall (son)

War Record of death of William Barrand

Died 10/05/1917, Private -22nd London Regiment, buried Bedford House Cemetery,

Ypres, BELGUIM

Son of John & Mary Barrand, of Blundell Street, Caledonian Road, London

Soldiers Died in the Great War 1914-1919 - soldier details

Name: William BARRAND

Regiment, Corps etc.: London Regiment

Battalion etc.: 22nd (County of London) Battalion (The Queen's).

4.8.12 2, Jamaica Road, Bermondsey, S.E.: 6th London Bde. 2nd London Div. Aug. St. Albans area. 16.3.15 landed at Havre. 11.5.15 formation became 142nd Bde. 47th Div. 11.11.18 142nd Bde. 47th Div. Belgium; Bizancourt, north of Tournai.

War Record of death of William Barrand

Casualty Details

Name: BARRAND

Initials: W

Nationality: United Kingdom

Rank: Private

Regiment/Service: London Regiment

Unit Text: 22nd Bn.

Age: 36

Date of Death: 10/05/1917

Service No: 682957

Additional information: Son of John and Mary Ann Barrand, of 3c, Blundell St., Caledonian Rd., London.

Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead

Grave/Memorial Reference: Enclosure No.4 I. G. 30.

Cemetery: BEDFORD HOUSE CEMETERY

W Barrand

Remembered with Honour

Bedford House Cemetery

In Memory of

Private

682957, 22nd Bn., London Regiment who died on 10 May 1917 Age 36

Son of John and Mary Ann Barrand, of 3c, Blundell St., Caledonian Rd., London.

8. Ada Barrand was born in 3^rd January, 1885 and was the last known child of Mary Ann Barrand (nee Alford). As her birth date is 1885 Birth Ref: Islington 1885 - 1st Qtr (1b - 332) it is clear that John Thomas Barrand was not the father, as he had already died in 1878, nor was Thomas Rendall, as he too had already died in 1882. On the birth certificate however, John Barrand is shown as her father and his occupation is shown as a jeweller. The place of birth is shown as 32, Blundell Street which was Mary Ann's home address, and on the 1891 census, Mary Ann (Ada’s mother) was shown as a widow, and Ada is shown as 4 years old.

Ada however died on the 17^th May, 1894 at 29, Blundell Street of diptheria - aged 9, Death Ref: Islington 1894 - 2nd Qtr (1b - 182) Her father is noted as John Barrand “deceased” a working jeweller and Ada was buried on the 22^nd May, 1894 in Islington Cemetery. It would appear she was buried in a communal grave, or “paupers” grave, as there are records of many more burials in the same grave. Her address is confirmed as 29, Blundell Street.

Birth Certificate of Ada Barrand 1885

1891 Census – Sutterton Street

Death Certificate Ada Barrand 1894

Burial record of Ada Barrand 29, Blundell Street - aged 9 - bur: 22/05/1894

There are no other known children of John Thomas Barrand and Mary Ann Alford, but as mentioned, the 1911 census clearly states there were 10 children, and the census shows five of them had died and five were still living. Those that died for certain by 1911 were: John Henry, Henry Alford and Ada, making a total of 3 that died. Those that were definitely living in 1911 were: Susannah Emma, Hannah Eliza, William Randell and Alice Annie, and possibly Mary Ann making the 5 living. That leaves two still unaccounted for that must have died.

CARMEN A carman normally drove a horse and heavy carriage for the delivery of goods and a carter drove a light two-wheeled carriage or hand cart.

A large proportion of the carmen had to attend to their own horses. The vans driven and attended to by these men include an immense variety of vehicles, ranging from the movement of iron to the local market trader with a little spring cart and pony. Mainly a carmans’ work consists of the handling of vans and carts belonging to a multitude of businessmen in every part of London.

Hours of Work

The main grievance in this trade concerns the length of the working day and there is no doubt that very long hours prevail. A week's work, inclusive of time occupied in the stable, will average from 96 to 100 hours. No overtime is paid in any systematic way. On Sundays the horses have to be attended to. The work of a carman, however, is seldom strenuous, and always involves a large amount of waiting. This may be between jobs or when waiting in turn for a load and from a few minutes to one or two hours. About three hours is the average time occupied in "standing', and that this includes meal times, for which no regular provision is made. At times a man may 'put the nosebag on his horse' and go to sleep himself, but such occasions are said to be rare, and that on the whole the hours occupied are hours of work. The horses work the same length of time as the men. There is no change of team. Except with the railway companies, and a few of the large contractors, the men have to clean and water their horses. Horse-keepers are employed to feed them.

Wages:

For such long hours as prevail, the pay is low. There is perhaps no man's employment which yields so small a return per hour. To drive a cart demands little skill, and generally low intelligence, and there is nothing like the physical exhaustion which puts a natural limit to hours of work in many trades. For one horse vans men's wages vary from 18s to 24s, and boys are often employed at lower rates. Some of the heaviest work is paid no more than 18s. Drink is given more often than money, and what money is received most frequently goes to the public-house, and it is suggested that carmen are largely addicted to strong drink. The men suffer from rheumatism and bronchitis, and such illnesses and the men who are ill are provided with warm clothes. Old bags are a common makeshift for an overcoat. Some firms refuse to provide cloths for the horses, on the grounds that, if they did, the men would use them. Men of seventy years of age may be found driving vans, and they have been known to work to within a few days of death. With carmen there is no such thing as partial loss of capacity affecting wages, but at sixty a man would find difficulty in getting a job if thrown out of work. In 1881, there were nearly 30,000 men who gave their job as a carman, and it was a common occupation.